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Supreme Court Defers to State Law on Ownership of Tax Refund
Accounting and Financial Planning for Law Firms
April 2020
Federal courts should “turn to state law to resolve” a “fight over a tax refund,” held a unanimous U.S. Supreme Court on Feb. 25, 2020. Rodriquez v. FDIC (In re United W Bancorp., Inc.) (Feb. 25, 2020). Vacating a Tenth Circuit decision, the Supreme Court remanded the case for the lower court to apply state law in resolving “the distribution of a consolidated corporate tax refund.” The bankruptcy trustee of a bank holding company was litigating against the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), as receiver for the subsidiary bank that had incurred losses generating the refund. According the Supreme Court, it was not deciding “[w]ho is right about all this ….” Id. at 4. Instead, the Court rejected the Tenth Circuit’s application of the Ninth Circuit’s so called Bob Richards rule. In re Bob Richards Chrysler Plymouth Corp. (9th Cir. 1973) (in absence of tax allocation agreement, refund belongs to group member responsible for losses that led to it). In so doing, the Court rejected the Bob Richards rule as inappropriate federal “common lawmaking.” In this article, partner William Gussman and of counsel Michael Cook discusses the court's decision and the relevance of its ruling.
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On March 1, 2024, New York Governor Kathy Hochul signed into law an amended version of the New York LLC Transparency Act (“NYLTA”),[1] requiring certain limited liability companies (“LLCs”) formed or authorized to do business in New York (each, a “NY Reporting Company”) to file a beneficial ownership information (“BOI”) report with the NY Department of State (“NY DOS”). Each NY Reporting Company will be required to disclose on its BOI report identifying information pertaining to each individual who directly or indirectly exercises substantial control or owns or controls 25 percent or more of the ownership interests of a NY Reporting Company (each, a “Beneficial Owner”) and the individuals involved in the NY Reporting Company’s formation or registration to do business in New York (each, an “Applicant”). Information reported to NY DOS will be maintained in a private database not accessible to the public. The NYLTA goes into effect on Jan. 1, 2026 and requires the NY DOS to promulgate regulations implementing the legislation.
Alerts
On Feb. 16, 2024, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), a bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”), issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (“Proposed Rule”)[1] continuing the process of implementing regulations to combat illicit finance risks posed by abuse by some in the real estate market. The Proposed Rule would require certain persons involved in residential real estate closings and settlements to submit reports (“Real Estate Reports”) and keep accurate records of certain non-financed transfers of US residential real property. The reasoning behind the Proposed Rule is explained extensively in FinCEN’s December 2021 Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Real Estate Transactions Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, which discusses “the opacity of shell companies or other legal entity structures to mask true beneficial ownership of a property and their involvement in real estate transactions.”[2]
Alerts
The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) passed its long-anticipated final Non-Compete Rule broadly prohibiting the use of worker non-competition restrictions. The Non-Compete Rule is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on May 7, 2024, and become effective 120 days later, on Sept. 4, 2024. To the extent the Non-Compete Rule is more restrictive than a state or local law, the Non-Compete Rule will supersede such other law. However, the validity of the Non-Compete Rule is already being challenged in three separate court cases and its effective date may be delayed.
Alerts
On April 24, 2024, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) released final regulations (TD 9992) (“Final Regulations”) addressing the determination of whether a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) is “domestically controlled.” The Final Regulations finalize proposed regulations (REG-100442-22) (“Proposed Regulations”) under Section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code published on Dec. 29, 2022.[1]
Alerts
On March 1, 2024, New York Governor Kathy Hochul signed into law an amended version of the New York LLC Transparency Act (“NYLTA”),[1] requiring certain limited liability companies (“LLCs”) formed or authorized to do business in New York (each, a “NY Reporting Company”) to file a beneficial ownership information (“BOI”) report with the NY Department of State (“NY DOS”). Each NY Reporting Company will be required to disclose on its BOI report identifying information pertaining to each individual who directly or indirectly exercises substantial control or owns or controls 25 percent or more of the ownership interests of a NY Reporting Company (each, a “Beneficial Owner”) and the individuals involved in the NY Reporting Company’s formation or registration to do business in New York (each, an “Applicant”). Information reported to NY DOS will be maintained in a private database not accessible to the public. The NYLTA goes into effect on Jan. 1, 2026 and requires the NY DOS to promulgate regulations implementing the legislation.
Alerts
On Feb. 16, 2024, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), a bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury (“Treasury”), issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (“Proposed Rule”)[1] continuing the process of implementing regulations to combat illicit finance risks posed by abuse by some in the real estate market. The Proposed Rule would require certain persons involved in residential real estate closings and settlements to submit reports (“Real Estate Reports”) and keep accurate records of certain non-financed transfers of US residential real property. The reasoning behind the Proposed Rule is explained extensively in FinCEN’s December 2021 Anti-Money Laundering Regulations for Real Estate Transactions Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, which discusses “the opacity of shell companies or other legal entity structures to mask true beneficial ownership of a property and their involvement in real estate transactions.”[2]
Alerts
The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) passed its long-anticipated final Non-Compete Rule broadly prohibiting the use of worker non-competition restrictions. The Non-Compete Rule is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on May 7, 2024, and become effective 120 days later, on Sept. 4, 2024. To the extent the Non-Compete Rule is more restrictive than a state or local law, the Non-Compete Rule will supersede such other law. However, the validity of the Non-Compete Rule is already being challenged in three separate court cases and its effective date may be delayed.
Alerts
On April 24, 2024, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) released final regulations (TD 9992) (“Final Regulations”) addressing the determination of whether a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) is “domestically controlled.” The Final Regulations finalize proposed regulations (REG-100442-22) (“Proposed Regulations”) under Section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code published on Dec. 29, 2022.[1]
Alerts
On March 1, 2024, New York Governor Kathy Hochul signed into law an amended version of the New York LLC Transparency Act (“NYLTA”),[1] requiring certain limited liability companies (“LLCs”) formed or authorized to do business in New York (each, a “NY Reporting Company”) to file a beneficial ownership information (“BOI”) report with the NY Department of State (“NY DOS”). Each NY Reporting Company will be required to disclose on its BOI report identifying information pertaining to each individual who directly or indirectly exercises substantial control or owns or controls 25 percent or more of the ownership interests of a NY Reporting Company (each, a “Beneficial Owner”) and the individuals involved in the NY Reporting Company’s formation or registration to do business in New York (each, an “Applicant”). Information reported to NY DOS will be maintained in a private database not accessible to the public. The NYLTA goes into effect on Jan. 1, 2026 and requires the NY DOS to promulgate regulations implementing the legislation.